![](data:image/png;base64,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光学設計ノーツ
光学設計ノーツ 16 (ver.1.0)
波動光学的波面と幾何光学的波面
(フレネル積分を用いた幾何光学的波面適用限界の考察)
文字通り、物理的には波面と言えば後者を指すのであろうが、光学技術分野においてはむしろ、前者を
示している場合も多く、少々複雑でもある。
1. その定義の違い
基本的は以下の定義が一般的である 1)。
波動光学的波面:複素振幅等位相な座標が形成する面
幾何光学的波面:光線に沿った等アイコナール点が形成する面
(幾何光学的波面は従って、光線経路に沿った等位相面でもある。)
これらの波面が場合によって異なるのは明らかである。幾何光学的波面はあくまでも光線に沿ったア
イコナールによるものであるため、回折の影響はそこには含まれ無い。本稿 3節において扱うが、光軸に
平行に進む平面波が有限の大きさの開口を通過しても、幾何光学的波面はもとの無限に広がる平面波
の一部が開口により切り取られたが如く、その平面性、面積を維持したままどこまでも進行していく。実際
には回折現象により光波はある程度の広がりを持ってしまう訳であるから、こうした物理的、波動光学的な
波面と、幾何光学的波面の形状は乖離する。
2. 計算手法
これら波面の計算手法について、ここで考えさせて戴きたいのであるが、幾何光学
的波面については本連載においても詳しく触れている。細かい事を省いて表現すれば、スネルの法則に
基づく光線追跡をして、一点から射出した多数の光線の光路長が一定となる面を求めればよい訳である。
ここではさらに詳しくは述べない。
波動光学的波面もホイヘンス-フレネルの回折積分により、任煮の位置における複素振幅が計算で
きるので、その理屈により等位相面が得られるという楽観的な表現も可能かと思うが、波面形状を求める
場合だけでなく、ある場所における複素振幅が、そこに影響を与える複素振幅場(ホイヘンス的考えであ
れば2次波源場)の影響の合成として、元の複素振幅場と同様の形で、最大振幅、位相を持つ複素振幅
関数として表現されえる事は、当たり前の事の様でありながらも、重要な事柄なのでここで、検討させてい